GHG Emission Calculation: Scope 1, 2, 3 Guide for Indonesian Companies
Calculating greenhouse gas emissions using GHG Protocol methodology
Accurate greenhouse gas (GHG) emission calculation is the foundation of effective climate action. The GHG Protocol provides the globally accepted framework for measuring emissions across three scopes. Indonesian companies need to understand this methodology to meet regulatory requirements, respond to investor demands, and set meaningful reduction targets.
GHG Protocol Overview
The GHG Protocol Corporate Standard provides the framework for measuring corporate GHG emissions. It requires companies to identify organizational and operational boundaries, categorize emissions into three scopes, collect activity data, apply emission factors, and report in CO₂ equivalent (CO₂e). The protocol covers seven greenhouse gases: CO₂, CH₄, N₂O, HFCs, PFCs, SF₆, and NF₃.
Scope 1: Direct Emissions
Scope 1 covers direct GHG emissions from sources owned or controlled by the company. For Indonesian companies, common Scope 1 sources include: fuel combustion in owned boilers and furnaces, company vehicle fleet, industrial processes, refrigerant leakage from air conditioning, and on-site waste treatment. Calculation: fuel consumed × fuel-specific emission factor.
Scope 2: Energy Indirect Emissions
Scope 2 covers indirect emissions from purchased electricity, steam, heating, and cooling. For most Indonesian companies, the primary Scope 2 source is grid electricity consumption. The GHG Protocol requires dual reporting: location-based (using grid average emission factors) and market-based (using supplier-specific factors where available). Indonesia's grid emission factor is published by the Ministry of Energy.
Scope 3: Value Chain Emissions
Scope 3 covers all other indirect emissions across the value chain, divided into 15 categories: purchased goods and services, capital goods, fuel and energy activities, transportation, waste, business travel, employee commuting, leased assets, and more. Scope 3 typically represents 70-90% of total emissions but is the most challenging to measure accurately.
Automating Emission Calculations with Software
Dedicated carbon tracking platforms automate emission calculations across all three scopes. The best platforms include Indonesia-specific emission factors, support multiple calculation methodologies, handle unit conversions, and generate GHG Protocol-compliant reports. Users input activity data (fuel purchases, electricity bills, travel records) and the platform handles the complex calculations automatically. JEJAKU is one such platform designed for the Indonesian market.